Dna history Essays

Dna history Essays Dna history Essay Dna history Essay The history of DNA structure discovery(sec. 4. 1): 1869- Johan miescher studies the nuclei of white blood cells(isolated th material using HCL and digestive proteins Named the substance nulclein and also found the material was rich in nitrogen and phosphorus. 919-Pheobus levene Discovered that DNA was made of chains of nucleotides *see nucleotide structure* 1920 DNAVSRNA * see chart Thought that 4 nucleotides were connected in the same repeated pattern protein gas 20 amino acids which could be combined in many combinations 1928- Frederick Griffith studied tho starins of pnuemococccus bacteria Rough strain-nonvirulent -Injection into mouse did not result in death smooth -injection caused death conclusion; some factor from the dead, virulent smooth strain transformed rthe living non-virulent rough strain. Non virulent rough strain picked up DNA becoming virulent. 1930-Joachim hammerling *see image in notebook* nucleus controls phenotypic properties of algae Avefry continued Griffiths w ork: purified chemicals from the heat-killed virulent bacteria, including DNA transformed non-virulent bacteria with each chemical into viruent only DNA resulted in death of the mouse Conclusion: transforming agent is DNA, thus DNA carries information to change living cell. 944-Avey, McCarty, and MacLeod Continued Griffiths work with pnemococcus see notebook* 1940s-Joshua Lederberg demonstrated bacterial conjugation -bacteria can exchange DNA Baccteria have no nucleus or chromosomes. 1940s- Edwin Chargaff For all organisms A=T and G=C (chargaffs rule) Organsisms with more Gs and Cs tend to be more complex (3 h-bonds) 1952-Hersey chase Conducted experiments to show definitive data to show DNA is the hereditary material. Bacteriophage used to infect bacteria. what they knew: -virus are composed of DNA and protein -virus infection reprograms a host cell to produce more virus. Question: which viral component is responsible for the reprogramming, DNA or protein. Bacteriophage/ Phage; Vir us that infects bacteria Radioactive sulfur which labels proteins Radioactive phosphorus which labels DNA virus injects DNA into host cell during infection, protein stays outside Dna provides info to reprogram host cells ti make more virus in virus, DNA is the hereditary material, not proteins. 1950-Mauric Wilkins and Rosalin franklin xray- crystallography: physics approach to examining biological molecules. ranklins xray photo indicated: 1. backbone of alternating phosphate and sugars 2. backbone is a helical structure 3. double helix structure(molecule is a uniform helix_ 4. Nitrogenous bases are in the middle of the molecuse 5. Bases are at right angels to the backbone they knew that each base could pair with partner, pyrimidine with purine. 1953-James Watson and francis crick Inspired by alpha-helix model of proteins discovered how A+T and G+C bonded together. Rosalin width of purine+pyrimidine bonds fit perfectly between the sugar-phosphate ackbone. the double helix model offer ed an easy method for replication. regular pattern typical of helical structure reminiscent of the alphahelix in proteins deterimingd rules of base pairing-size and hydrogen bonding Anti-parallel nature of strands. 1953- linus pauling proposed thr alpha helix seconday structure in proteins triple helix DNA model: 3 strands intertwined What was wrong: -phosphate groups were shown as neutral molecules -phosphates organized in the core for the helix-negative charges on oxygen would repel -Bases facing outwards.

Art and Society - a Two-blade Sword Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Art and Society - a Two-blade Sword - Essay Example Let us not forget that this step forward was often viewed as a threat to the political, social and clerical institutions. Looking into history, one of the most pertinent manners in which art was counter-attacked by art was the period of Renaissance and Baroque, when the church produced massive art just to minimize the popularity of the teaching brought by the new homo universal concept. There can be identified two types of art approaches towards society problems. The first one can be greatly noticed in the famous painting of the republican Frenchman Édouard Manet, Execution of Maximilian. This approach reveals the political oriented art that either comes from a great patriotism or from a great admiration or disapproval towards the leaders. Maximilian is a French duke left alone in Mexico after the civil war and who was finally executed together with his two generals. This deed of defiance inspired Manet to paint this "modern barbarism" painting (Stevens 10). The political message seems to be clear out in this painting, although it ignores the true social realities that were obvious in Mexico. The utmost desire was to represent the event from the French point of view and not from a legitimate and impartial one. The painting is composed of three main groups of characters: the executioners, the spectators and the victims. The spectators might seem scared because o ne system is falling and another one is rising without any connection to them. On the other hand, the relationship between the victims and the murderers seems a little strange. The executioners look bored, knowing that this is the right thing to do, as they are soldiers and their life depends on executing the jobs given. The figure that impresses us the most is Maximilian.

Theories of management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Theories of management - Essay Example It also involves maintenance of employee satisfaction, which on the other hand is important in maintenance of consumer satisfaction. The competitiveness of an organization highly depends on the employees and therefore leadership that keeps the employees satisfied is important in maintaining productivity and competitiveness. There are several theories that explain leadership as it applies to organizations. The theories also highlight leadership characteristics, which are significant in the accomplishment of organizational goals. This paper presents a critique of various leadership and theoretical perspectives that point towards great leadership that is needed in organizations for effective accomplishment of objectives and sustainability. The willingness to be a servant of others is usually exhibited by great leaders in organizations. Their focus is to build the capacity of everyone to help the organizational workforce to accomplish the strategic goals. They believe that success is accomplished through the participation of all the individuals in the organization. They listen to others and involve them in decision making. Through their focus on generating satisfaction among others, they are able to rally followers. The functionalist perspective is that leadership involves motivating others, influence and participate in conflict resolution. Great leaders inspire a shared vision among their subordinates to ensure that the workers anticipate the best in future. They are visionary leaders who maintain credibility in their vision by presenting authentic predictions to the subordinates. They generate enthusiasm that makes all the workers motivated to work for the accomplishment of organizational goals. The participative the ories of leadership explain such leaders who are concerned about the views of their subordinates. They encourage people to form effective teams whereby they assist each

Audio spotlight Device

Audio spotlight Device Abstract A directional source of audio sound created using a parametric array, sometimes called an audio spotlight, generates a sound beam that is much narrower than the sound beam generated by a conventional source. It is a very recent technology that creates focused beams of sound similar to light beams coming out of a flashlight. By ‘shining sound to one location, specific listeners can be targeted with sound without others nearby hearing it. It uses a combination of non-linear acoustics and some fancy mathematics. But it is real and is fine to knock the socks of any conventional loud speaker. This acoustic device comprises a speaker that fires inaudible ultrasound pulses with very small wavelength which act in a manner very similar to that of a narrow column. The ultra sound beam acts as an airborne speaker and as the beam moves through the air gradual distortion takes place in a predictable way due to the property of non-linearity of air. Joseph Pompeis Holosonic Research Labs inve nted the Audio Spotlight that is made of a sound processor, an amplifier and the transducer. The targeted or directed audio technology is going to a huge commercial market in entertainment and consumer electronics and technology developers are scrambling to tap in to the market. Audio spot light technology can do many miracles in various fields like Private messaging system, Home theatre audio system, Navy and military applications, museum displays, ventriloquist systems etc .Thus audio spotlighting helps us to control where sound comes from and where it goes! I. Introduction Audio spotlight is a very recent technology that creates focused beams of sound similar to light beams. By ‘shining sound to one location, specific listeners can be targeted with sound without other nearby hearing it, i.e. to focus sound into a highly directional beam. The audio spotlight uses ultrasonic energy to create extremely narrow beam of sound that behave like beam of light. Audio spotlighting exploits the property of non-linearity of air. When inaudible ultrasound pulses are fired into the air, it spontaneously converts the inaudible ultrasound into audible sound tones. like audible sound ultrasound waves, get distorted as they travel through air. The ultrasound waves are breaked into lower frequency, i.e. audible sound waves. so these ultrasound waves can travel along a narrow path, people to left or right of a target remain silence. II. System Requirement A. Hardware Requirement: A transducer(speaker). An amplifier. Coax cable. III. Architecture The ultrasound has wavelengths only a few millimeters long, which are much smaller than the source, and consequently travel in an extremely narrow beam. Of course, the ultrasound, which contains frequencies far outside our range of hearing, is completely inaudible. But as the ultrasonic beam travels through the air, the inherent properties of the air cause the ultrasound to distort (change shape) in a predictable way. This distortion gives rise to frequency components in the audible band, which can be accurately predicted, and therefore precisely controlled. By generating the correct ultrasonic signal, we can create, within the air itself, essentially any sound desired. Note that the source of sound is not the physical device you see, but the invisible beam of ultrasound, which can be many meters long. This new sound source, while invisible, is very large compared to the audio wavelengths its generating. So the resulting audio is now extremely directional, just like a beam of light. Often incorrectly attributed to so-called Tartini tones, the technique of using high-frequency waves to generate low-frequency signals was in fact pioneered by physicists and mathematicians developing techniques for underwater sonar over forty years ago. Through a combination of careful mathematical analysis and engineering insight, the Audio Spotlight sound system has become the very first, and still the only, truly directional audio system which generates low-distortion, high quality sound in a reliable, professional package. IV. System Description The Audio Spotlighting Device consists of a round shaped disc which consists of a transducer, an amplifier and coax cables. Transducer is very discreet, at only 1/2† thick. The transducer comes in two standard sizes 18† round or 24† hexagonal. The cover of the audio spotlight is produced using sublimation printable lycra , this lycra cover can be printed to look like anything that we can take a digital picture of, making integration into an existing display or trade show environment even easier. this lycra cover can be produced with an elastic edge so that it is easily interchangeable. The transducer emits an ultrasound beam. The transducers are driven by small ultrasound amplifiers. The amplifier receives the input signal from a standard audio source such as a computer, CD player or DVD player. The amplifier can currently push the sound signal through the cable 110 long. The amplifier runs on standard 110v or 220v power and is very easily adaptable to European or Asian version of electrical power. Coax cables are used to connect amplifiers to transducers. V. Types A. Direct Audio B. Projected Audio Directed audio can direct sound at a specific target, creating a contained area of listening space which is called â€Å"Direct audio†. Protected audio can bounce can bounce of a sound object, creating an audio image. This audio image gives the illusion of a loudspeaker, which the listener perceives as the source of sound, which is called â€Å"projected audio†. VI. Advantages 1. We can here sounds like music, speeches etc even disturbing others. 2. Army is using this technology which can be very advantageous to security. 3. Creates highly focused beam of sound. 4. Portable. VII. Disadvantages Its highly costly. It can be misused by enemies. Both speaker and amplifier are separate. Maintenance is high. VII. Future Scope Audio Spotlighting really â€Å"put sound where you want it† and will be â€Å"A REAL BOON TO THE FUTURE.† VIII. Conclusion It can be concluded that sound can be forced to make travel in one direction by using the technology audio spotlighting. We can here sounds like music, speeches even disturbing others. References 1. B.PREMLET ,Engineering physics 2. D. Meyer. Computer Simulation of Loudspeaker Directivity, J. Audio Eng. Soc 3. Houghton Mifflin Company,2006 The American heritage Dictionary of English language, 4. J. Eargle, Loudspeaker Handbook, Chapman and Hall, New York 5. J. Proakis and D. Manolakis, Digital Signal Processing, Principles, Algorithms, and Applications 6. M. Yoneyama and J. Fujimoto. The audio spotlight: An application of nonlinear interaction of sound waves to a new type of loudspeaker design, J. Acoustical Society of America 7. P. Hong, IMTC, Georgia Institute of Technology 8. T. Chen, Guest Editor. The Past, Present, and Future of Audio Signal Processing, IEEE Signal Processing Magazine. 9. Universal physics. 10. W.F Dryvestegn J. Garas personal sound, J. Audio eng society. 11. http://www.holosonic.com/ Audio Spotlight Add sound and preserve the quiet.html 12. http://www.spie.org. 13. http://www.imtc.gatech.edu/projects/archives/multimedia/AudioSpotlight.pdf 14. http://www.howstuffworks.com. 15. http://www.abcNEWS.com. 16. http://www.howstuffworks.com 17. http://www.abcNEWS.com 18. http://www.holosonic.com 19. http://www.skads.org 20. http://www.AudioSpotlights.com /audio_spotlight_case_study.html 21. http://www.holosonics.com/ audio_spotlight_case_study.html 22. http://www.audiospotlights.com/directional_sound_intro.html 23. http://www.technovelgy.com/ct/Science-Fiction-News.asp?NewsNum=376 24. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Audio_Spotlightredirect=no 25. http://www.techalone.com. 26. http://www.holosonics.com/brochure/Audio_Spotlight-Museums.pdf 27. http://www.holosonics.com/brochure/Audio_Spotlight-libraries.pdf 28. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/freesearchresult.jsp?history=yesqueryText=(audio+spotlighting)imageField.x=26imageField.y=8 29. www.sciam.com

Health vs Happiness Essay

Picture this: you are hungry, busy, and don’t really feel like cooking or cleaning. So you dash to the nearest fast food joint and order a fat, juicy burger with some fries and a soda to wash it down. Once in a while this may be okay, but if you find yourself taking this easy way out more than once a week, there may be consequences. The American Heart Association states that diets high in salt, cholesterol, sugar and fat can take away from other essential nutrient levels. This may lead to heart problems or obesity. Practicing little or no physical activity can lead to further health complications. Is it a waste of time to watch what you eat or how you exercise? Maybe not. Skipping those fast food meals and substituting with a sandwich made at home or packing leftovers for lunch takes no more time than pulling into the drive through. Getting up and walking around your office a few minutes each day is better than sitting at your desk all day. If you do choose tha fast food route, park your car and go inside to order. If you think life is too short to care about what you eat, think again. You may, in fact, be shortening your life by taking shortcuts. If you are a smoker, that makes it much shorter. Some people may feel that they are happier if they can eat what they want when they want it. But is being overweight, fatigued and lazy being happy? For me, it is not. I am not the perfect picture of health, but I do feel that being healthy is being happy. I did not watch what I was eating or how I was taking care of myself until I became pregnant. I started eating healthier, drinking more water, and feeling better. Feeling better physically made me happier. I am no longer pregnant and still plan on keeping the healthy habits I kept while pregnant. Keeping healthy habits also gives one more energy, which in turn may help with exercising. Eating healthy and exercising could reduce stress. Less stress equals more happiness. So does being healthy mean being happy? I say to each his own. If you are happy being obese and having health problems, then so be it. I, for one, am happy being healthy.

Stefan’s Diaries: The Craving Chapter 2

I felt the veins in my face crackle with Power. My fangs came out quickly and violently, painfully ripping through my gums. Instantly I became the hunter again: balanced on my toes, fingers flexed, ready to claw. As I made my way closer to her, all my senses became even more aroused – eyes widened to capture every shadow, nostrils flared to gather in the smells. Even my skin prickled, ready to detect the slightest change in air movement, in heat, in the minute pulses that indicated life. Despite my vow, my body was more than ready to slice into the soft, dying flesh and lap up her essence. The girl was small, but not sickly or dainty. She looked to be about sixteen. Her bosom jerked as she stuggled for breath. Her hair was dark, with curls highlighted gold in the light of the rising moon. She had been wearing silk flowers and ribbons in her hair, but these, along with her tresses, had come undone, trailing out behind her head like sea foam. Her dress had a dark red slip buoyed by frothy white cotton tulle. Where her petticoats were torn, slashes of scarlet silk showed through, matching the blood that was seeping from her chest and down her bodice. One of her doeskin gloves was white, while the other was nearly black with soaked blood, as if she had tried to stanch her wound before she'd passed out. Thick, curly lashes fluttered as her eyes rolled beneath their lids. This was a girl who clung to life, who was fighting as hard as she could to stay awake and survive the violence that had befallen her. My ears could easily make out her heartbeat. Despite the girl's strength and will, it was slowing, and I could count seconds between each beat. Thud . . . Thud . . . Thud . . . Thud . . . The rest of the world was silent. It was just me, the moon, and this dying girl. Her breath was coming slower now. She would most likely be dead in mere moments, and not by my hands. I ran my tongue over my teeth. I had done my best. I had hunted down a squirrel – a squirrel – to sate my appetite. I was doing everything I could to resist the lure of my dark side, the hunger that had been slowly destroying me from within. I had refrained from using my Power. But the smell . . . Spicy, rusty, sweet. It made my head spin. It wasn't my fault she had been attacked. It wasn't I who had caused the pool of blood to form around her prone body. Just one little sip couldn't hurt. . . . I couldn't hurt her more than someone already had. . . . I shivered, a delicious pain fluttering up my spine and down my body. My muscles flexed and relaxed of their own accord. I took a step closer, so close that I could reach out and touch the red substance. Human blood would do far more than sustain me. It would fill me with warmth and Power. Nothing tasted like human blood, and nothing felt like it. Just a mouthful and I would be back to the vampire I'd been in New Orleans: invincible, lightning fast, strong. I'd be able to compel humans to do my bidding, I'd be able to drink away my guilt and embrace my darkness. I'd be a real vampire again. In that moment, I forgot everything: why I was in New York, what happened in New Orleans, why I left Mystic Falls. Callie, Katherine, Damon . . . All were lost, and I was drawn mindlessly to the source of my agony and ectasy. I knelt down in the grass. My parched lips drew back from my mouth, fangs fully exposed. One lick. One drop. One taste. I needed it so badly. And technically, I wouldn't be killing her. Technically, she would die because of someone else. Narrow streams of blood ebbed and flowed down her chest, pulsing with her heart. I leaned over, my tongue reaching forward. . . . One of her eyes fluttered open weakly, her thick lashes parting to reveal clear green eyes, eyes the color of clover and grass. The same color eyes Callie had. In my last memory of her, Callie was lying on the ground, dying, in a similar helpless pose. Callie had died of a knife wound in her back. Damon didn't even have the decency to let her defend herself. He stabbed her while she was distracted, telling me how much she loved me. And then, before I could feed her my own blood and save her, Damon threw me aside and drained her completely. He left her a dry, dead husk and then tried to kill me, too. Had it not been for Lexi, he would have succeeded. With a tortured scream, I pulled my hands back from the girl and pounded the ground. I forced the bloodlust that was in my eyes and cheeks back down to the dark place from which they came. I took a moment longer to compose myself, then pulled the girl's bodice aside to view her wound. She had been stabbed with a knife, or some other small and sharp blade. It had been shoved with near perfect precision between her breasts and into her rib cage – but had missed her heart. It was as though the attacker had wanted her to suffer, had wanted her to slowly bleed out rather than die immediately. The attacker had not left the blade behind, so I placed my teeth against my wrist and tore open the skin there. The pain helped me to focus, a good, clean pain compared to that of my fangs coming out. With incredible effort I pushed my wrist to her mouth and squeezed my fist. I had so little blood to spare – this would nearly kill me. I had no idea if it would even work now that I was feeding just on animals. Thump-thump. Pause. Thump-thump. Pause. Her heart continued to slow. â€Å"Come on,† I pleaded, my teeth gritted in pain. â€Å"Come on.† The first few drops of blood hit her lips. She winced, stirring slightly. Her mouth parted, desperate. With all my strength, I squeezed my wrist, pushing the blood out of my vein and into her mouth. When it finally hit her tongue she almost gagged. â€Å"Drink,† I ordered. â€Å"It will help. Drink.† She turned her head. â€Å"No,† she mumbled. Ignoring her feeble protests, I shoved my wrist against her mouth, forcing the blood into her. She moaned, still trying not to swallow. A wind picked up around us, rustling her skirts. An earthworm dug itself deeper into the soft, moist earth, avoiding the cold air of the night. And then she stopped fighting. Her lips closed down on the wound in my wrist, and her soft tongue sought out the source of my blood. She began to suck. Thump-thump. Thumpthump. Thump thump thump. Her hand, the one in the blood-soaked glove, came fluttering up weakly and grasped my arm, trying to draw it closer to her face. She wanted more. I understood her desire all too well, but I had no more to offer. â€Å"That's enough,† I said, feeling faint myself. I gently disengaged my arm despite her mewling cries. Her heart was beating more regularly now. â€Å"Who are you? Where do you live?† I asked. She whimpered and clung to me. â€Å"Open your eyes,† I ordered. She did, once again revealing her Callie-green eyes. â€Å"Tell me where you live,† I compelled her, the world spinning around me as I used the very last remaining drops of my Power. â€Å"Fifth Avenue,† she answered dreamily. I tried not to grow impatient. â€Å"Where on Fifth Avenue?† â€Å"Seventy-third Street . . . One East Seventy-third Street . . .† she whispered. I scooped her up, a perfumed confection of silk and gauze and lace and warm, human flesh. Her curls brushed my face, tickling across my cheek and neck. Her eyes were still closed and she hung limply in my arms. Blood, either hers or mine, dripped down into the dust. I gritted my teeth and began to run.

A Brief Note On Euthanasia And Pro Life Essay - 802 Words

INTRODUCTION: PROBLEM DESCRIPTION Abortion is commonly practiced in many countries including the United States and has been practiced throughout most of the world ((Henshaw, S., et al. (2008). Abortion is one of those subjects that people for different reasons are passionately for or against (abortionist vs pro-life). The reasons are many and complicated. Abortion raises fundamental questions about our existence, such us what is human and when does life begin (Brannigan Boss, (2001). Abortion speaks to the rights of women control their body, the mother and fetus, the duty to protect the unborn child, secular vs. religion, human life, individual rights, moral values, rights of partners and spouses, rights of parents, medical autonomy and confidentiality (Brannigan Boss (2001). Abortion also touches on sexuality which is highly controversial all over the world (Singh, S., Darroch Ashford, (2014). Ways of preventing abortion and the use of preventive measures like contraceptives come into play in most countries of th e world but especially in third world countries (Bendavid, Avila, Miller (2011), Jones, K (2011; Henshaw, S., et al. (2008). The UN supports many issues throughout the world, and member countries fund the UN to complete those activities. One of the agencies that handle population issues is UNFPA (UN population agency). With controversies and ethical questions surrounding abortion, the United States (US) and the United Nations (UN) have different positions onShow MoreRelatedEssay on Active Euthanasia, Free Will and Autonomy1945 Words   |  8 PagesActive Euthanasia, Free Will and Autonomy Medicine in the hands of a fool has always been poison and death. -C. J. Jung Euthanasia, from the Greek, quite literally means the good death. Advocates of euthanasia, offer it as a solution for the emotional, psychological and physiologic suffering of terminally ill patients. 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